Greece emerges from eurozone bailout programme
Image copyright
AFP
Athens faces years of austerity
Greece has successfully completed a three-year eurozone emergency loan programme worth €61.9bn (£55bn; $70.8bn) to tackle its debt crisis.
It was part of the biggest bailout in global financial history, totalling some €289bn, which will take the country decades to repay.
Deeply unpopular cuts to public spending, a condition of the bailout, are set to continue.
But for the first time in eight years, Greece can borrow at market rates.
The economy has grown slowly in recent years and is still 25% smaller than when the crisis began.
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), only four countries have shrunk economically more than Greece in the past decade: Yemen, Libya, Venezuela and Equatorial Guinea.
Read more on this story:
- Andrew Walker: Where this leaves the eurozone
- Why young Greeks are leaving
- All Greek to you? Debt jargon explained
How did the bailout unfold?
The last €61.9bn was provided by the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) in support of the Greek government’s efforts to reform the economy and recapitalise banks.
The bailout – the term given to emergency loans aimed at saving the sinking Greek economy – began in 2010, when eurozone states and the IMF came together to provide a first tranche of €20bn.
The European single currency had fallen to its lowest level against the dollar since 2006 and there were fears the debt crisis in Greece would undermine Europe’s recovery from the 2008 global financial crisis.
Image copyright
Reuters
Former Prime Minister George Papandreou saw his government crumble after agreeing to the bailout
At the worst moments of the crisis, there were doubts about whether the eurozone would survive at all. There seemed to be a real possibility that Greece and perhaps others might have to give up the euro.
The response included bailout loans, for a total of five countries, and a promise from the European Central Bank that it would, if necessary, buy the government debts of countries in danger of being forced out of the eurozone.
Set up by eurozone states, the ESM had been prepared to provide a further $27bn to Greece but said the country had not needed to call on it.
“Greece can stand on its own feet,” said ESM chairman Mario Centeno.
‘I can’t buy my little grandchildren a present’
By Mark Lowen, BBC News, Athens
Tassos Smetopoulos and his team of volunteers run a food handout in central Athens.
“The numbers are actually rising,” he says, chopping up vegetables for a huge pot to serve to those who wait. “The bailout might be ending on paper – but not in reality.”
Fifty-four-year-old Fotini, who was laid off three years ago, is one of the few who will speak openly. This proud nation has struggled to accept its loss of dignity.
“I don’t see the crisis coming to an end,” she says. “We are stressed and angry because we don’t have jobs. I’m embarrassed that I can’t buy my little grandchildren a present. We just want to live comfortably in our own homes so we can look our children in the eyes.”
Read more from Mark
How are Greeks coping?
At the height of the crisis, unemployment soared to 28% but today it is 19.5%.
Image copyright
AFP
Chemistry graduate Panagiota Kalliakmani has gone from the lab to the kitchen
Those employed often have jobs for which they are overqualified, such as chemistry graduate Panagiota Kalliakmani, 34.
Seeing career prospects in her home city of Thessaloniki shattered, she is now finding work as a chef.
“The crisis was a slap in the face,” she told AFP news agency. “We had grown up accustomed to the benefits of living in a European country and suddenly everything came crashing down.”
“Nothing is certain,” she added. “The crisis taught us not to make long-term plans.”
Some 300,000 Greeks have emigrated in search of work since the crisis began while those depending on state benefits have seen their income whittled away.
Image copyright
Reuters
Yorgos Vagelakos and his wife live in a suburb of Athens
Yorgos Vagelakos, an 81-year-old retired factory worker, took home a pension and benefits amounting to €1,250 before the debt crisis.
Today he gets €685 and his debts are growing, he told Reuters news agency. He can no longer support the families of his two sons and can barely cover his and his wife’s needs.
“I wake up in the morning to a nightmare,” he said. “How will I manage my finances and my responsibilities? This is what I wake up to every morning.”
Has the pressure eased off?
Greece’s freedom to manage its own economic affairs will be tempered by enhanced surveillance from the European Union’s executive, the European Commission.
This is designed to ensure Athens does not backtrack on reforms agreed with its lenders.
Professor Costas Meghir, an economist with Yale University based in the Greek capital Athens, warned that the end of the bailout programme did not mean the Greek economy’s problems had been solved.
“It’s of course a very important milestone, both psychologically and in practice but it doesn’t mean that the problems are over,” he told the BBC.
“It doesn’t mean that austerity is over either. In some sense, the Greek government has to be even more disciplined now, because it has to rely on foreign markets at reasonable interest rates to be able to borrow.
“Austerity can only end once pro-growth policies are put in place that would allow flourishing of investing, for direct investment and of business more generally and this hasn’t really happened to a sufficient extent yet.”
What does the Greek milestone mean for Europe?
Professor Kevin Featherstone, director of the Hellenic Observatory at the London School of Economics, said Greece had helped to safeguard the future of the eurozone by agreeing to the terms of the bailout programme.
“For a political system to have gone through these years of austerity, this depth of economic hardship, and maintained a functioning society, a functioning democracy, is testament to the robustness of Greece as a modern state,” he said. “Greece has saved the euro.”
Are you in Greece? Have you been affected by issues raised in this story? Let us know about your experiences by emailing .
Please include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist. You can also contact us in the following ways:
- Tweet: @BBC_HaveYourSay
- WhatsApp: +44 7555 173285
- Send an SMS or MMS to 61124 or +44 7624 800 100
- Please read our terms & conditions and privacy policy
